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Pathosystem, Epiphytology and Genomic Characterization of Groundnut Rosette Disease Pathogens
Anthony Simiyu Mabele,
Mariam Nyongesa Were
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
120-126
Received:
27 September 2020
Accepted:
12 October 2020
Published:
16 October 2020
Abstract: Synergism among the groundnut rosette disease (GRD) pathogens of Groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV, Luteovirus) and Groundnut rosette virus (GRV, Umbravirus) associated with a satellite-ribonucleic acid (sat-RNA), have declined groundnut (Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L.) production in Kenya. The polyphagous groundnut aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch; Homoptera: Aphididae) efficiently transmits GRD in sub-Saharan Africa. Inadequate information available on the pathosystem, epiphytology and genomic characterization of GRAV, GRV and sat-RNA pathogens in Kenya, have hampered control and management technologies due to their intimate complex etiology, the bottleneck which this study unravels. A survey of GRD was conducted in western Kenya among the four counties of Bungoma, Busia, Kisumu and Kisii during the short rains season of 2019. A total of 10 symptomatic leaf samples were selected from the collected samples and preserved until use. Total RNA was extracted from the symptomatic leaf samples using GeneJET Plant RNA Purification Mini Kit according to the manufacturers’ protocol. RT-PCR detection of GRD pathogens was done using specific primers of GRAV, GRV and sat-RNA. DNA libraries were prepared and sequenced using the Sanger sequencing platform. Phylogenetic analyses and comparisons were performed using MEGA X software. The sequence quality were checked based on the peak of the electrophoregram and trimmed using CLC main work bench v20. The sequences were assembled with final consensus exported as FASTA file format and BLAST searched against NCBI database using BLASTn. The BLAST hit with nucleotide identity of at least 97% identity were considered, downloaded, uploaded to MEGA X and multiple alignment done with Gap Opening Penalty of 15 and Gap Extension Penalty of 5.5. Phylogenetic trees were constructed with best DNA/Protein model based on automatic Neighbor Joining Tree and Maximum Likelihood method of nucleotides substitution by Kimura 2 Parameter with Invariant Plus Gamma. The two GRAV isolates from Kenya (Ken_G10 and Ken_G2) clustered together in group II while the rest clustered in group I. The Kenyan novel GRAV isolates are more similar to each other than with any other sequences implying common ancestry than with the other African isolates. The Kenyan sat-RNA isolates formed two distinct groups with sub-groups within the clusters. Isolates Ken_G11 and Ken_G6 clustered together in group II while Ken_G10 and Ken_G7 clustered together in group I. Ken_G6 clustered with other Kenyan sat-RNA isolates implying a possible identity by descent (IBD), suggesting a possible impact of a genetic bottleneck whose cause should be investigated further to infer any conclusions.
Abstract: Synergism among the groundnut rosette disease (GRD) pathogens of Groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV, Luteovirus) and Groundnut rosette virus (GRV, Umbravirus) associated with a satellite-ribonucleic acid (sat-RNA), have declined groundnut (Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L.) production in Kenya. The polyphagous groundnut aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch;...
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Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD): A Case of Recurrent Vomiting and Diarrhea
Dian Sulistya Ekaputri,
I. Gusti Lanang Sidiartha,
I. Gusti Ayu Putu Eka Pratiwi
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
127-132
Received:
26 September 2020
Accepted:
10 October 2020
Published:
20 October 2020
Abstract: Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is the commonest fatty acid oxidation disorder. Patients usually presented between the ages of 4 months and 4 years with acute hypoglycaemic encephalopathy and liver dysfunction; some deteriorated rapidly and died. Symptomatic presentation of MCADD is precipitated by fasting due to infection, characterized by metabolic crisis, includes lethargy, vomiting, hypoketotic hypoglycaemia, and encephalopathy, and could progress to coma and death. MCADD is not part of new-born screening in Indonesia; children are likely to be missed if routine hypoglycaemia screening is not instituted. This is a case of an otherwise healthy 8-month-old baby boy who presented with recurrent infection followed by severe hypoglycaemia and cow’s milk protein allergy presentation with some initial diagnostic dilemma. This study was to describe the clinical manifestation, workup diagnostic, and management in children with MCADD disorder. An eight-months-old boy came with recurrent hypoglycaemia following infections. Blood gas analysis showed acidosis metabolic with increase anion gap. Patient was moderate malnutrition due to recurrent illness. There was no consanguineous in his parents. Laboratory test revealed leucocytosis, hypoglycaemia, and metabolic acidosis. No ketone on urine sample. Short chain fatty acid decrease. Ig-E total increase and benzidine test positive. Dried blood spots and urine spot by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed of MCADD. Patient was given intravenous fluid containing dextrose, treated by antibiotics for infection, and recovered after few days hospitalization. Patient was also given amino-acid-based formula and he responds was good. Parent were educated for the illness and told to avoided fasting for long period. Children with MCADD should remain under follow-up with a specialist Metabolic Paediatrician Consultant and Dietician with regular reviews in early childhood. Parents should be allowed direct access to the local hospital’s paediatric service so that lengthy waits in emergency departments are avoided.
Abstract: Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is the commonest fatty acid oxidation disorder. Patients usually presented between the ages of 4 months and 4 years with acute hypoglycaemic encephalopathy and liver dysfunction; some deteriorated rapidly and died. Symptomatic presentation of MCADD is precipitated by fasting due to infection, c...
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Gaucher Disease: A Rare Case in Children with Malignancy-Like Manifestation
I Made Karma Setiyawan,
I Gusti Lanang Sidiartha,
I Gusti Ayu Putu Eka Pratiwi
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
133-137
Received:
15 October 2020
Accepted:
26 October 2020
Published:
4 November 2020
Abstract: Gaucher Disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive systemic lysosomal storage disorder which is characterized by glucocerebroside deposition in cells of the macrophage-monocyte system as a result of a deficiency in lysosomal glycosidase (glucocerebrosidase). The high prevalence of symptomatic hepatosplenomegaly and thrombocytopenia in GD commonly lead patients to present to haematologists. The time period from onset of symptoms to diagnosis remains prolonged and patients are still predominately diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy. This is a case of a 4-years-old boy who presented with weakness, pallor, and gradually increasing abdominal girth. At first the patient was suspected as an abnormality in hematooncology field (acute leukemia) due to the results of the laboratories that revealed pancytopenia and the presence of organomegaly. After bone marrow aspiration examination conducted the result was not in accordance in the field of hematooncology. Final diagnosis of GD was established after reevaluating the bone marrow smears that find foam cells/Gaucher cells. Confirmation of diagnosis on Gaucher disease was performed by measurement of glucocerebrosidase activity, where is low in β-Glucosidase 0.07 uM/hr (reference range unit >1.8 uM/hr). GD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with unexplained hepatosplenomegaly. Patients with acute leukemia suspicion should be examined for the possibility of having GD from bone marrow smears simultaneously. Moreover, the early recognition of GD would lead to safe and effective treatment with enzyme replacement which can decrease morbidity.
Abstract: Gaucher Disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive systemic lysosomal storage disorder which is characterized by glucocerebroside deposition in cells of the macrophage-monocyte system as a result of a deficiency in lysosomal glycosidase (glucocerebrosidase). The high prevalence of symptomatic hepatosplenomegaly and thrombocytopenia in GD commonly lead ...
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ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism Impacts Glucose Consumption at Simulated High Altitude
Ricardo Muller Bottura,
Giscard Humberto Oliveira Lima,
Debora Cristina Hipolide,
Joao Bosco Pesquero
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
138-142
Received:
26 October 2020
Accepted:
10 November 2020
Published:
23 November 2020
Abstract: Introduction: High altitude acclimatization is a process that involve several physiological adjustments, which may increase glucose metabolism because of acute hypoxic exposure. Native highlanders like Tibetans show an increased anaerobic glucose metabolism and a higher proportion of type I muscle fiber than lowlanders. Actin filaments are anchored to the Z line of the sarcomere by a protein called alpha-actinin that exist in two isoforms in the muscle (ACTN2 and ACTN3), however ACTN3 is present only in type II fibers, especially in type IIx. Homozygous individuals for a 577X polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene do not express ACTN3 and seem to be more type I muscle fiber than homozygous individuals 577R. The aim of this study was to compare the glucose consumption response of individuals with different ACTN3 genotypes at simulated 4,500 m altitude. Materials & Methods: Twenty-three volunteers spent four hours exposed to a simulated altitude of 4,500 m inside a normobaric hypoxia chamber. Lactate and glucose concentrations, SpO2 and heart rate were analyzed immediately before entering the chamber and at each hour during the exposure. Results: Glucose after four hours of exposure to hypoxia was different between groups, with RX (68.1 ± 11.7 mg/dl) and RR (71.7 ± 14.4 mg/dl) showing a decreased blood glucose compared to XX (88.7 ± 14.1 mg/dl), indicating an increased dependence on glucose metabolism in individuals with at least one R allele after exposure at 4,500 m simulated altitude. Conclusions: We concluded that individuals with at least one R allele of the ACTN3 R577X gene polymorphism consume more glucose than the ones with XX genotype.
Abstract: Introduction: High altitude acclimatization is a process that involve several physiological adjustments, which may increase glucose metabolism because of acute hypoxic exposure. Native highlanders like Tibetans show an increased anaerobic glucose metabolism and a higher proportion of type I muscle fiber than lowlanders. Actin filaments are anchored...
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