CTLA-4 Gene Polymorphism in Women with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Eman N. Helles,
Mohammed J. Ashour,
Fadel A. Sharif
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
31-35
Received:
8 August 2016
Accepted:
17 August 2016
Published:
5 September 2016
Abstract: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is considered as a negative regulator of T cell activation and its role in maintaining immune tolerance is well established. The present case-control study aimed to investigate the CTLA-4 +49 A/G, -1661 A/G, -318 C/T and -1722 T/C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and predisposition to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in Gaza Strip - Palestine. The study was performed on 200 women with a history of two or more pregnancy losses (case group) and 200 control women with at least two live births and without any previous history of abortion. PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) method was used for genotyping CTLA-4 polymorphisms. Study results revealed that there is no significant association between the allele/genotype frequencies of the four investigated CTLA-4 SNPs and RPL. This trend remained true under dominant, co-dominant and recessive models. The A\G genotype of -1661 A\G polymorphism was higher in patients (45%) as compared to controls (39.5%) but without statistical significance. The minor allele frequencies (MAFs) of the CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms in the patient/control group were as follows: +49A>G: 0.22/0.22, -318 C>T: 0.15/0.11, -1661 A>G: 0.30/0.26 and -1722 T>C: 0.08/0.08. The four investigated CTLA-4 polymorphisms do not contribute to the risk of RPL in the study population. Testing other CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and the level of CTLA-4 expression in RPL patients is recommended.
Abstract: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is considered as a negative regulator of T cell activation and its role in maintaining immune tolerance is well established. The present case-control study aimed to investigate the CTLA-4 +49 A/G, -1661 A/G, -318 C/T and -1722 T/C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and predisposition to recur...
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Virulence Factors of E. coli ST131 and Its H30 and H30Rx Subclones Among Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Isolates
Khadega Yahya Abdullah AL-hetar,
Nanjaiah Lakshmidevi
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 4, August 2016
Pages:
36-39
Received:
17 August 2016
Accepted:
26 August 2016
Published:
18 September 2016
Abstract: Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a pandemic clone causing predominantly community and hospital-onset antimicrobial-resistant infections. Recently, H30-Rx subclone of E. coli has been disseminated among ST131 strains in combination with beta lactamase subtype CTX-15that may play a role in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among E. coli strains that cause extra-intestinal infections. This study has been done to investigate the virulence factors of ST131 with their subclones: H30-Rx and non H30-Rx strains. A hundred E. coli isolates which were isolated from different clinical samples were collected from K.R hospital, Mysore. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to investigate 19 of the virulence factors among E. coli stains. Out of 100 E. coli strains, 87 of the isolates belonged to ST131, 24 isolates belonged to H30 subclone, and 22/24 (91.7%) belonged to H30-Rx subcolne. ST131 strains harbored high virulence factors more than non ST131 strains and the differences between them were significant for papC, papEF and fyuA genes. All H30-Rx strains were positive for iutA and fimH, however, 95.5% and 81.8% of H30-Rx strains were positive for fyuA and kpsMII respectively and the differences between H30-Rx and non H30-Rx strains were significant for those genes. There are no more reports about H30 and H30-Rx subclones of ST131 E. coli in India. Further studies should be done to investigate the prevalence of ST131 in different places in India and to highlight the other virulence factors to control the dissemination of ST131 clone.
Abstract: Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a pandemic clone causing predominantly community and hospital-onset antimicrobial-resistant infections. Recently, H30-Rx subclone of E. coli has been disseminated among ST131 strains in combination with beta lactamase subtype CTX-15that may play a role in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among E....
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